Review phytoremediation of heavy metals and study of the metal coordination by xray absorption spectroscopy jorge l. Introduction contamination of water and wastewater with heavy metals is emerging as a global environmental challenge. One promising strategy is phytoremediation, the use of plants to uptake heavy metals. For this reason, the plants used in this method should be highly tolerant to toxic compounds, resistant to low oxygen concentration, and should have an extensive root system, which grows rapidly and produces large amounts of biomass srivastava et al. Index termsnickel, wastewater, phytoremediation, aquatic plant. Cadmium accumulation, translocation, and assessment of eighteen linum usitatissimum l. Heavy metals phytoremediation by aquatic plants hyrocotyle ranocloides, ceratophyllum demersum of anzali lagoon. A high accumulation of heavy metals in a soil or water can be considered toxic to plants or animals. Phytoremediation is the use of green plants for decontamination of polluted sites soils and waters. Contribution towards phytoremediation ed n a anjum, i ahmad, m e pereira, a c duarte, s umar and n a khan amsterdam. Phytoremediation offers owners and managers of metal. Assisting phytoremediation of heavy metals using chemical. Several aquatic species have been identified and tested for the phytoremediation of heavy metals from the polluted water. Phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microbes for environmental cleanup, has gained acceptance in the past 10 years as a costeffective, noninvasive alternative or complementary technology for engineeringbased remediation methods.
So, in our study we tried to enhance the phytoremediation capacity of eichhornia crassipes to treat heavy metals by using electric current. Singh a and fulekar m h 2012 the plant family brassicaceae. Over the past several years, scientists have discovered many examples of living plants that can remove heavy metals and other pollutants from soil and water. The root biomass production of the species varied significantly from 3. There are several methods to remediate these mine drainage by neutralizing and removing metals from solutions. Mean concentrations of cd in hyrocotyleranoncloides fig. High removal efficiency and accumulation capacity of l. Phytoremediation is potentially applicable to a variety of contaminants, including some of the most significant ones, such as. Pdf heavy metal uptake potential of aquatic plants.
At least 20 metals are classified as toxic with half of. Phytoremediation is an ecofriendly that has shown promising results for the contaminants like heavy metals. In this research, using the aquatic plant species was evaluated positive from the viewpoint of environment. Phytoremediation of metals is a costeffective green technology based on the use of specially selected metalaccumulating plants to remove toxic metals from soils and water. Phytoremediation of heavy metals assisted by plant growth. The notion of using metal accumulator plants for the removal of heavy metals and several other contaminants in phytoremediation was first. Phytoremediation for heavy metal environmental issues. Review paper phytoremediation of toxic metals from soil and. Phytoremediation of efficiency of metal by ficus microcarpa was evaluated through a real scale experiment. Pdf heavy metal uptake potential of aquatic plants through. Phytoremediation techniques which use aquatic plants offer potential benefits for the reclamation of contaminated environments. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with metals and.
Mean concentrations of pb in hyrocotyleranoncloides fig. Pdf phytoremediation of heavy metals in mine drainage by. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by trifolium alexandrinum. The concentrations of different heavy metals metalloid in the effluent were given in the table 1. The technology involves efficient use of plants to remove, detoxify or immobilize environmental contaminants in a growth matrix soil, water or sediments through the natural, biological, chemical or physical activities or processes of the plants. Native and naturalized california plant species were screened for their phytoremediation potential for the cleanup of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons phcs, polyaromatic hydrocarbons pahs, polychlorinated biphenyls pcbs, chlorinated dioxinsfurans, and heavy metals. Phytoremediation is a general term for several ways in which plants are used to remediate sites by removing pollutants from soil and water. Conditioning of heavy metal polluted river sediment by cannabis sativa l. The highest concentration of heavy metals among the aquatic plants and plant parts was found in the roots of s. Abstract phytoremediation is the natural ability of certain plants to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air. Most plants growing on contaminated soils effec tively exclude heavy metals from their tissues.
Phytoremediation of heavy metals with cucumber, white. May 30, 2019 a high accumulation of heavy metals in a soil or water can be considered toxic to plants or animals. The presence of any metal may vary from site to site, depending upon the source of individual pollutant. This study provides a deep insight into the potential of duckweed l. Application of floating aquatic plants in phytoremediation of heavy metals polluted water. Heavy metals can create stressful conditions to the plants and their growth becomes limited or impossible and this can influence the phytoremediation. Application of floating aquatic plants in phytoremediation of heavy. It clearly pointed out some generalizations such as existence of a wide variation with respect to the amount of heavy metal accumulation by different plants indicating that phytoremediation potential of aquatic plants is dependent upon the tolerance level and toxicity of plant genera or species employed in a particular study.
Assessment of autochthonous aquatic macrophytes with phytoremediation potential for dairy wastewater treatment in. Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystem poses a serious threat to aquatic biodiversity, and drinking contaminated water poses severe health hazards in humans. The plant is then harvested and disposed of and the site replanted until heavy metals in the. Some of the methods that are being tested are described below. Acid mine drainage amd is a major environmental problem associated with mining activities.
Plants tolerant to toxic metals and low nutrient status with a high rate of growth and biomass are the ideal species to remediate degraded soils and habitats like those around mines. Pdf phytoremediation of heavy metals in mine drainage by tropical aquatic plants indishe senanayake and sandun dassanayake academia. Plants can be used for pollutant stabilization, extraction, degradation, or volatilization. Parsonsb a environmental science and engineering ph.
Jun 17, 2015 this study investigates the effectiveness of aquatic macrophyte and microphyte for phytoremediation of water bodies contaminated with high arsenic concentration. Therefore, the experimental plants could be ordered as follows in terms of heavy metals tolerance. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, have the ability to store large amounts of metals, even some metals that do not appear to be required for plant functioning. Phytoremediation techniques in wastewater treatment. Dec 24, 2007 the sources of various heavy metals are listed in table table1. Phytoremediation is defined as a process of decontaminating soil and aquatic systems by using plants, fungi or algae to absorb heavy metals.
Plants can degrade organic pollutants or contain and stabilize metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps. Accumulation of heavy metals by plants is affected by many factors, variations in plant species, plants growth stage and element characteristics control absorption, accumulation and translocation of metals. Phytoremediation is an emerging cleanup technology for contaminated soils, groundwater, and wastewater that is both lowtech and lowcost. Excessive uptake of metals by plants may produce toxicity in human nutrition, and cause acute and chronic diseases. Abstract phytoremediation, the use of green plants to clean up polluted soil and water resources has received much attention in the last few years. Although plants take up and accumulate certain essen tial nutrients from soils to concentrations as high as l3%, levels of heavy metals only accumulate to o. In potato plants, we found the positive correlation between organ biomass and absorption and accumulation of heavy metals 9. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to partially or substantially remediate selected contaminants in contaminated soil, sludge, sediment, ground water, surface water, and waste water. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the potential of phytoremediation technique on treating heavy metalcontaminated side, to provide a brief view about heavy metals uptake mechanisms by plant, to give some description about the performance of several types of plants to uptake heavy metals and to describe about the fate of heavy metals.
In conclusion, aquatic plants can be a better candidate for phytoextraction from industrial effluents due to cost effectiveness. Removal of lead from water by using aquatic plants and. In situ and ex situ applications are governed by site soil and water characteristics, nutrient sustainability, meteorology, hydrology, feasible ecosystems, and contaminant. It is a fast growing, floating plant with a welldeveloped fibrous root. Eliminates secondary air or waterborne wastes lili and. Phytoremediation for heavy metal removal plants, so called hyperaccumulators are usually used, they take up 100 times the concentration of metals over other plants. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from municipal waste water by.
Khara 1 department of marine biology, graduate school of marine science and technology, science and research branch, islamic azad university, tehran, iran. Effects of cadmiumresistant plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria and. Heavy metals phytoremediation by aquatic plants 252 fig. These conventional technologies are not economical and may produce adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Phytoremediation is the natural ability of certain plants to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air. Concentrations of trace metals in dominant aquatic plants of the lake provala vojvodina, yugoslavia. Numerous plants produce enzymes that can degrade many organic compounds.
They are elements, and short of an alchemical transformation you have to physically remove them, cover them up, or apply phosphate so that plants dont take them up as readily. Introduction industrialization in developing countries has contaminated the environments by heavy metals, where advance treatment technologies are neither available nor affordable 611. The native flora displayed its ability to withstand high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. Potential of duckweed lemna minor for the phytoremediation. Bioconcentration factor of the aquatic plants were also quantified. By using hydroponics determine the distribution of iron and heavy metals in the plants, to determine inhibitory effects and favored mediums for phytoextraction. The unique property of heavy metal hyperaccumulation by the macrophyte eleocharis acicularis is of great significance in the phytoremediation of water and sediments contaminated by heavy metals at mine sites. Pdf phytoremediation of heavy metals assisted by plant. Application of floating aquatic plants in phytoremediation of. Mean concentrations of pb in ceratophyllumdemersum the mean compare of heavy metals content between. The basic fundamental elements in phytoremediation are plants whether terrestrial or aquatic which play key role for remediation of heavy metal.
Review phytoremediation of heavy metals and study of the. Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, azolla. One reason that the aquatic plants were able to remove more of the heavy metals from the water than terrestrial plants could from soil is the soluble form of. Jun 29, 2015 phytoremediation 4 phytoremediation consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents,explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants from the media that contain them. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants. Heavy metal hm pollution is considered a leading source of environmental contamination. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial effluent using constructed wetland technology. The concentration of arsenic in control wild macrophytes was below detectable limit. The current study illustrates an environmentfriendly technique phytoremediation for removal of contaminants on a long term basis. Wetland plants are important tools for heavy metal removal. Aquatic plants can be used as the natural catalysts to. Application of floating aquatic plants in phytoremediation. This screening was followed by controlled greenhouse experiments to further evaluate the phytoremediation. Heavy metals phytoremediation by aquatic plants hyrocotyle ranocloides, ceratophyllum demersum of anzali lagoon 1l.
Phytoremediation of heavy metals with cucumber, white poplar and aquatic plants summary scientific advisors. Heavy metals phytoremediation by aquatic plants hyrocotyle. Heavy metals are removed from soil by moving up into plant roots, stems, and leaves. Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by. The basic fundamental elements in phytoremediation are plants. Present phytoremediation system characteristics that site managers and others might find useful in assessing the potential applicability of phytoremediation to a specific site. It can be used for heavy metals and radionuclides as well as for organic pollutants. Heavy metal phytoremediation from aquatic ecosystems with. Heavy metals and organic pollutants are ubiquitous environmental pollutants affecting the quality of soil, water and air. These methods are efficient, ecofriendly and economic. Three macrophytes azolla pinnata, lemna minor, and hydrilla verticillata were exposed to 1. Water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes and two algae chlorodesmis sp. Abdeldaim 5,6, may binjumah 7, mirza hasanuzzaman 8 and dimitris kalderis 9 1 department of environmental sciences and. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by trifolium alexandrinum hazrat ali 1, muhammad naseer 2.
Phytoremediation of heavy metalcontaminated river water by. Water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes has been used for phytoremediation of heavy metals at constructed wetlands. Phytoremediation is an environmental remediation technique that takes advantage of plant physiology and metabolism. The accumulation of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, nickel. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the potential of phytoremediation technique on treating heavy metal contaminated side, to provide a brief view about heavy metals uptake mechanisms by plant, to give some description about the performance of several types of plants to uptake heavy metals and to describe about the fate of heavy metals. Duckweed accumulated about twice the chromium than arsenic and about four times more chromium than copper.
Several studies have reported that the aquatic plants are very effective in removing heavy metals from polluted water. Recently, the use of aquatic plants especially micro and macro algae has received much attention due to their ability to absorption of metals and taking up toxic elements from the environment or rendering. Jun 21, 2011 aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structural and functional aspects of aquatic ecosystems by altering water movement regimes, providing shelter to fish and aquatic invertebrates, serving as a food source, and altering water quality by regulating oxygen balance, nutrient cycles, and accumulating heavy metals. Phytoremediation applications for removing heavy metal.
The phytoremediation potential of the aquatic plant can be further enhanced by the application of innovative approaches in phytoremediation. Phytoremediation of lead from wastewater using aquatic plants. Phytoremediation of aluminium al metal by an aquatic water plant utricularia exoleta r. Field and greenhouse studies of phytoremediation with. The content of some macronutrients and heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of three ecosystems connected to the danube in yugoslavia. Heavy metal remediation with ficus microcarpa field scale experiment. In the present study, an attempt to have a comparative assessment of the efficiency of aquatic weeds like typha latifolia, eichhornia crassipes, salvinia molesta and pistia stratiotes to treat the effluents under. Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants. Mean concentrations of cd in ceratophyllumdemersum fig. Phytoremediation, heavy metals, hyper accumulators, transgenic plants. This technology involves efficient use of aquatic plants to remove, detoxify or immobilize heavy metals. A b s t r a c t continued industrialization, agricultural practices, and other anthropogenic activities lead to heavy metals contamination.
Aquatic plants like eichhornia crassipes, azolla filiculoides, pistia stratiotes, hydrilla verticillata, typha domingensis, salvinia cucullata, azolla caroliniana, azolla pinnata, lemna minor, lemna aequinoctialis, lemna gibba, and spirodela polyrhiza are suitable aquatic plants for the removal of heavy metals as reported by several researchers. Performance of aquatic plant species for phytoremediation of. Heavy metal pollution in ground water poses a serious threat to human health and the aquatic ecosystem. The potential of heavy metal phytoremediation depends on the capability of a plant to accumulate excessive concentrations of metals ma et al. It utilizes a variety of plant biological processes and the physical characteristics of plants to aid in site remediation. Phytoremediation of polluted waterbodies with aquatic plants. Conventional treatment technologies to remove the pollutants from wastewater are usually costly, timeconsuming, environmentally destructive, and mostly inefficient. Rhizofiltration is used for the removal of heavy metals. The concentrations of cd in the leaves and stems of submerged aquatic plant, c. Collection of plant for this study a fastgrowing perennial aquatic plant and prolific freefloating aquatic weed, eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth was used for the treatment of heavy metals in this experiment.
The economic aspects and side effects of conventional treatment technologies in aquatic ecosystems paved the way to phytoremediation technology. Environmental biotechnology is a tool to accumulate the phytoremediation process through over expression of those genes responsible for the sequestration of heavy metals and radio nuclide in plants or through genetransfer. Aquatic plants in phytoremediation of heavy metals polluted water. Phytoremediation of the sludge contaminated with chromium by aquatic plants in dezful. High heavy metal concentrations in plant tissues and biomass are considered as a key factor for the successful phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils.
The natural levels of heavy metals are relatively high in the earths crust, and most of. Phytoremediation of heavy metalsconcepts and applications. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial effluent. The efficiency of heavy metal removal from contaminated water by elsholtzia argi and elsholtzia splendens. Carefully selected macrophytes may be successfully.
Removal of lead from water by using aquatic plants ceratophyllum demersum and eichhorina crassipes ansam s. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated water intechopen. Environmental exposure to toxic heavy metals is one of the. Phytoremediation, an ecofriendly technology which is both ecologically sound and economically viable is an attractive alternative to the current cleanup methods that are very expensive. Heavy metal accumulation in common aquatic plants in. The present investigation deals with the detoxification of arsenic contaminated water using phytoremediation technique.
The three aquatic plants investigated parrot feather, water mint, and creeping primrose have the ability to remove heavy metals zn, cu, fe, and hg from contaminated water. The floating aquatic plants accumulate metals by their roots while the submerged plants accumulate metals by their whole bodies rahman and hasegawa, 2011. Biological methods are applicable to a broad range of contaminants and provide techniques for cleaning up the environment by enhancing natural remediation processes. Duckweed accumulated more metals into the plant tissues than did parrotfeather.